If six children and two dogs were under an umbrella, how come none of them got wet?

Decode the below four famous ciphers:

8P of the SS
1M of the E
1S of the SS
60M in 1H

Can you replace the X (both small and big x) with the numbers between 1 to 19 such that all the rows of 3 numbers between X (big x) sum to 23?

What four weights can be used to balance from 1 to 30 pounds?

Using the clues below, what four numbers am I thinking of?

The sum of all the numbers is 31.
One number is odd.
The highest number minus the lowest number is 7.
If you subtract the middle two numbers, it equals two.
There are no duplicate numbers.

A new Engineering building containing 100 offices had just been completed. John was hired to paint the numbers 1 to 100 on the doors. How many times will John have to paint the number nine (9)?

There are people and strange monkeys on this island, and you can not tell who is who (Edit: until you understand what they said - see below). They speak either only the truth or only lies.
Who are the following two guys?
A: B is a lying monkey. I am human.
B: A is telling the truth.

While going to your grandmother's house, you counted Twenty houses on the right side. While returning back to your home, you counted Twenty houses on the left side.

How many houses are there between your home and your grandmother's home?

What does this say?

XLR8

The world's largest Thanksgiving turkey was on display at a fair. Everyone was admiring it when suddenly a woman ran up and shot the turkey and left. Everyone knew her yet nobody made any attempts to stop or report her. Why?