Quickly Solve this riddle

7 - 4 + 3 * 0 + 1 = ?

At a Society election for president, precisely 963 votes were cast.
There is a total of 4 candidates that participate in the election.

The winning candidate exceeds the opponents by 53, 79 and 105 votes.

How many votes do each candidate gets?

I have a five and a three-gallon jar. Assuming there is an infinite supply of water, how can I measure one-gallon water?

Jack and Joseph are well-known golf rivals. One Day during a match, they were level at a score of 30. Jack hit a bad shot and Joseph added 10 to his score. Joseph then hit an awesome shot and he won the game.

How ?

An infinite number of mathematicians are standing behind a bar. The first asks the barman for half a pint of beer, the second for a quarter pint, the third an eighth, and so on. How many pints of beer will the barman need to fulfill all mathematicians' wishes?

There are nine dots in the picture that has been attached with this question. Can you join all the dots by drawing four straight lines without picking up your pen?

If Bihan is 10, Anirudha is 20, and Kim and Seal are both 5, but Rikold is 10, how much is Kenniger by the same trend?

There are people and strange monkeys on this island, and you can not tell who is who (Edit: until you understand what they said - see below). They speak either only the truth or only lies.
Who are the following two guys?
A: B is a lying monkey. I am human.
B: A is telling the truth.

A tree doubled in height each year until it reached its maximum height over the course of ten years. How many years did it take for the tree to reach half its maximum height?

Only one color, but not one size,
Stuck at the bottom, yet easily flies.
Present in sun, but not in rain,
Doing no harm, and feeling no pain.
What is it?